“Život je večita borba. Ko sme, taj može. Ko ne zna za strah, taj ide napred!”. Iako je drugi deo poznatiji, prva rečenica parole vojvode Živojina Mišića, ukratko opisuje njegov život. Dete sa sela koje je iz opanaka stiglo do najviših srpskih i svetskih odlikovanja, savremenici su mu se divili, a oreol časnog vojnika i komandanta nije dovođen u pitanje, ipak je bio žrtva spletkarenja i karijerizma.
Zbog političkih previranja tri puta je bio udaljen iz službe i sva tri puta vraćan. Danas, on je mnogima sinonim za reč vojvoda – što je i titula, ne samo vojni čin, koji se daje za izuzetne zasluge pojedinicima.
Mišić je ostao upamćen kao komandant srpske vojske koji je u Prvom svetskom ratu izvojevao pobedu u bici na Kolubari. Njegov manevar se i danas izučava na vojnim školama, a bio je i deo oslobodilačke Solunske operacije 1918.
Spomenici Mišiću nalaze se na gradskim trgovima u Mionici, Valjevu, a jedan manji je i ispred Beogradskog sajma.
Njegova rečenica s početka teksta već godinama prekriva ruševine zgrade Generalštaba, oštećene 1999. tokom NATO bombardovanja tadašnje Jugoslavije.
Mišića su vojnici voleli i bojali su ga se, ali su znali da je pravičan i verovali su u njegovu srećnu zvezdu.
Prošao je tačno vek otkako je u zoru 20. januara 1921. u 66. godini u vračarskom sanatorijumu preminuo Mišić. Za tih 66 godina imao je buran, težak život, ali i slavan. Posle 100 godina on je nezamenljiv u srpskoj istoriji.
Mišić je učesnik šest ratova – od Srpsko-turskog rata 1876, preko Balkanskih do Prvog svetskog rata.
Pored toga što je bio komandant prve srpske armije na Kolubari, bio je i deo pobedonosne Solunske ofanzive 1918. i prvi načelnik Generalštaba vojske novoformirane Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca.
Više puta penzionisan i vraćan kad je to trebalo narodu.
Kolubarska bitka
Kolubarska bitka u zapadnoj Srbiji, u novembru i decembru 1914, smatra se briljantnom vojnom operacijom. Iscrpljenu, izmučenu vojsku, koja je bila u dobroj meri i demoralisana i koja se „razvlačila u kaljugama od Drine do Kolubare”, Mišić je uspeo da izvuče u dubinu teritorije centralne Srbije, ostavljajući samo manje jedinice da se bore sa neprijateljem.
Tim manevrom povlačenja dobio je vreme za oporavak. Uspeo je da podigne volju oficirskom i boračkom sastavu, konsoliduje snage i predloži, a zatim izvede operaciju koja je briljantna po rezultatima. To je 1914. među saveznicima bila prva pobednička operacija, tad se za srpsku vojsku pročulo u svetu – jer je mala armija uspela da se odupre moćnom Austrougarskom carstvu.
Austrougarski vojnici nisu bili samo brojniji, već i dobro opremljeni, siti i sa značajnim rezervnim sastavima, dodaje.
Od ovaca do ordenja
Vojvoda Živojin Mišić rođen je 20. jula 1855. kao trinaesto dete Radovana i Anđelije. Gotovo 100 godina kasnije, 1947. godine, u istom selu rodio se Miodrag Mišić, praunuk vojvodinog najstarijeg brata Nikole.
– Ponosan sam na familiju i na svog vojvodu – kaže Mišić za BBC.
On je kustos i domaćin Kuće vojvode Živojina Mišić u Struganiku u kojoj je muzej od 1987. Veliki je poznavalac lika i dela slavnog pretka.
– U memoarima Moje uspomene, vojvoda pred kraj života navodi: ‘Rodio sam se 7. jula po starom kalendaru u livadi ispod šljive ranke, pored kolibe dok je moja majka bila planinka, kao trinaesto dete’.
– Tom detetu, pošto je troje starijih bilo umrlo, dali su ime Živojin, verovali su u ime da ga poživi. Kao mali bio je kao bubica i mrvica – nije se odvajao od roditelja do šeste godine, tad počinje da čuva stoku po ovim našim brdima.
Sa 10 godina Živojin Mišić odlazi u obližnju školu u Ribnici. Iako je učitelj koristio prut, Mišić se više plašio Ribničke pećine pune slepih miševa. U toj školi je završio prva dva razreda. Zatim ga stariji brat Lazar, tada već vojno lice, vodi sa sobom u Kragujevac da nastavi školovanje.
– Obukli su mu najlepše odelo, uzjahao je staru kobilu i krenuo preko Suvobora i Gornjeg Milanovca, strahujući samo da se kobila ne strmekne u neki jendek – priča Mišićev potomak.
U tadašnjoj srpskoj prestonici dočekuju ga gradska deca, koja ga zadirkuju zbog toga kako je obučen i kako priča, navodi.
– Jednog debeljucu je oborio u prašinu i izudarao, onako po seljački, i više ga nisu zadirkivali. Kao dete pokazao je zube kakav će da bude – navodi Mišić.
Kao dobar đak završava i šest godina gimnazije, a zatim upisuje Vojnu školu artiljerijsku u Beogradu – rang današnje Vojne akademije.
– Završava je uporedo sa ratom, kao pitomac je otišao u rat sa Turcima, to mu je bilo vatreno krštenje, gde dobija i prive činove – ističe Mišić.
Lujza i oficirski bal
Pored stručnih predmeta učio je francuski, nemački, ruski, a kasnije je govorio i italijanski i grčki. Tancovanje – ples, bio mu je posebno koristan ispit, kaže Mišić, koji je učio pred kraj studija. Zahvaljujući tom umeću na jednom oficirskom balu u Aranđelovcu upoznao je Lujzu kojom se oženio.
– Ona je bila Nemica, ćerka preduzimača koji je radio staro zdanje dvorca u Aranđelovcu – kaže potomak srpskog vojskovođe.
Sa njom je dobio tri sina i tri ćerke, ali mu nisu preživeli muški potomci.
Mišić je i tokom školovanja prepoznat kao talentovan oficir, slat je na vojne škole i u Austrougarsku da se doškoluje, a u vreme kralja Milana radio je kao nastavnik na Vojnoj akademiji. Titulu vojvode dobio je posle pobede u Kolubarskoj bici.
– Vojvoda je prepoznat istovremeno kao čin, najviše zvanje i najviše priznanje koje se moglo odati jednoj ličnosti za zasluge u komandovanju srpskom vojskom. Narod je te ličnosti doživeo kao spasioce i genije koji su uspeli da se odupru najmoćnijim imperijama tog vremena – kaže general-major u penziji Mitar Kovač, koji je i predavač strategije na Vojnoj akademiji u Beogradu.
Vojni uspesi nisu sprečili da Mišić dva puta bude penzionisan, a jednom sklonjen iz službe. Prvi put 1904. zbog navodne povezanosti sa dinastijom Obrenović koja je svrgnuta Majskim prevratom prethodne godine, a na vlast dovedeni Karađorđevići.
Odnos sa kraljevima
Istoričar Mile Bjelajac navodi da je u vreme priprema za puč 1903. Mišić bio na čelu Drinske divizije u Valjevu, daleko od svih vojnih i političkih spletki.
– Zaverenici mu se nisu ni obraćali i njega je puč iznenadio na neki način – ističe.
Ipak, pošto je bio oficir za vreme dinastije Obrenovića godinu dana kasnije bio prokazan kao „njihov miljenik i simpatizer”.
– Nisu smeli da mu se jave na ulici ili popiju kafu s njim. Penzija u 49. godini mu je teško pala. Sa mesta pomoćnika načelnika Generelaštaba vojvode Putnika smenjen je intrigama i nečijim karijerizmom – ističe Bjelajac. To je donelo i finansijske probleme.
U vojsku je vraćen 1909. tokom Aneksione krize, kada je Austrougarska anektirala Bosnu i Hercegovinu, što je izazvalo političku nestabilnost na Balkanu. Ubrzo će doći do Balkanskih ratova 1912. i 1913. kada Mišić ponovo beleži uspehe na bojnom polju.
Mišićeva velika zasluga je pobeda na Bregalničkoj bici protiv Bugara koji su iznenada napali srpske položaje 1913. godine, navodi Bjelajac.
Ipak, ni to ga neće spasiti da u septembru 1913. zajedno sa celim vojnim vrhom Mišić ne bude drugi put penzionisan i već 1914. ponovo vraćen.
Iako će te 1914. godine izvojevati pobedu u Kolubarskoj bici i sa vojskom peške preći Albaniju prilikom povlačenja, početkom 1916. odlukom regenta Aleksandra Mišić je po treći put uklonjen, ovog puta sa mesta načelnika Prve armije.
Vraćen je u službu u septembru 1916, kada se vojska ponovo našla u krizi.
Mišić komanduje vojskom i dobija bitku na Gorničevu u Makedoniji koja je omogućila da Bitolj bude zaštićen. To je prva pobeda na Solunskom frontu.
Živojin Mišić je nosilac 39 ordena.
U Francuskoj je dobio orden Legije časti i drugog i prvog reda, a za zasluge u oslobađanju Bitolja dobio je od Engleza jedno od najviših odlikovanja – orden svetog Mihajla i Đorđa.
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