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Sir sa “pasošem” – unosna proizvodnja

Sir sa “pasošem” – unosna proizvodnja

01/06/2020

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Info Press

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Kopredsednici Nacionalnog tima za preporod sela Srbije ministar Milan Krkobabić i akademik Dragan Škorić odgovarajući na pitanja povratnika zainteresovanih za ulaganje u proizvodnju sireva, a posle konsultacija sa profesorom dr Ljubišom Topisirovićem, biohemičarem molekularne biologije i članom Nacionalnog tima za preporod sela Srbije i profesorom dr Mihailom Ostojićem, tehnologom za sireve i članom Razvojne akademije poljoprivrede Srbije, poručuju da je ulaganje u proizvodnju sireva veoma isplativo. Sirarstvo je zanat i umetnost proizvodnje u kojoj je zarada najmanje dva-tri puta veća od prodaje sirovog mleka.

Da je tako potvrđuje činjenica da poslednjih desetak godina u Evropi postoji trend otvaranja malih zadružnih sirara koje prerađuju 500–5.000 litara mleka na dan sa svojih i farmi drugih proizvođača mleka. U Srbiji ne postoji nijedna specijalizovana sirara u kojoj se isključivo proizvode sirevi. Broj mini mlekara kapaciteta do 5.000 litara mleka na dan, kojih je u našoj zemlji do pre nekoliko godina bilo više od 200, smanjen je na manje od 100 aktivnih, jer su smanjeni broj muznih grla i proizvodnja mleka, a povećan broj staračkih domaćinstava.


Prema podacima Instituta za ekonomiku poljoprivrede, u Srbiji je u 2019. godini ukupan broj muzenih grla iznosio: 427.000 krava, 106.000 ovaca i 99.000 koza. Pomuzeno je 1,509 milijardi litara kravljeg mleka, 11 miliona litara ovčijeg i 31 milion kozjeg mleka. Otkupljeno je 5.089 kg tvrdih sireva, kačkavalja, trapista i sl i mekih sireva – beli sir u kriškama 44.845 kg. Na zelenim pijacama prodato je 39.160 kg maslaca (butera), 2.138.221 kg kajmaka (skorupa), 11.781.831 kg svih vrsta sireva i 1.280.540 kg ostalih mlečnih proizvoda.


U 2019. godini ukupno je uvezeno mleka i pavlake, mleka u prahu, kiselo-mlečnih proizvoda, surutke, maslaca i mlečnih namaza, sira i urde 84.966.735 kg u vrednosti 95.446.756 evra. Uvezeno je 7.769.571 kg sira i urde za šta je plaćeno 29.975.224 evra. Istovremeno iz Srbije je ukupno izvezeno 99.873.256 kg mleka i mlečnih proizvoda u vrednosti 84.102.579 evra. Izvoz sira i urde dostigao je 15.789.200 kg u iznosu 47.587.384 evra.

Ministar Milan Krkobabić posebno naglašava da je proizvodnja sireva velika razvojna šanasa ali samo ako se proizvođači udruže u zadruge.


„Podatak da u ne baš povoljnom ukupnom spoljnotrgovinskom bilansu mleka i mlečnih proizvoda, izvozimo više sira i urde za čak 17,6 miliona evra nego što uvozimo, govori da Srbija ima velike potencijale u toj privrednoj grani. Imamo sjajne naučne radnike, prednosti specifičnog domaćeg podneblja, vredne domaćine, a nemamo nijednu registrovanu siraru – specijalizovanu proizvodnju za pravljenje sireva i to sa zaštićenim geografskim poreklom. Tradicionalno mlekarstvo ćemo očuvati kroz manufakturnu proizvodnju autohtonih proizvoda, čime ćemo stvoriti šansu za izvoz karakterističnih vrsti sireva sa našeg podneblja. Tu misiju u okviru svoje sirare i svog poljoprivrednog gazdinstva mogu da realizuju proizvođači specijalnih sireva samo ako se udruže u specijalizovane zadruge za proizvodnju sireva.“

Profesor dr Mihailo Ostojić ističe da su naše bake znale da naprave sir, koji je završavao u porodičnoj ishrani ili na zelenim pijacama. Na žalost to nije pokretač biznisa jer nema specifičnosti proizvodnje, karakteristike podneblja i različitosti od standardnih industrijski proizvedenih sireva.


Profesor Ostojić ističe da se zadružna mlekara može organizovati prema vrsti tretiranog mleka, mestu primarne proizvodnje i asortimanu gotovih proizvoda. Za održivu proizvodnju poljoprivrednog gazdinstva potrebno je preraditi najmanje 1.000 litara kravljeg mleka dnevno (proizvodnja oko 50 muznih krava) od čega se dnevno dobije oko 140 kg sira u kriški ili oko 100 kg polutvrdog sira (kačkavalja) ili godišnje 36,5 tona sira.

U proizvodnji ovčijeg sira neophodan minimum je 500 grla muznih ovaca sa maksimalnom proizvodnjom oko 250 litara mleka i 40 kg sira dnevno. Za održivu proizvodnju kozjeg sira potrebno je stado od 200 koza sa prozvodnjom 80 litara mleka i proizvodnjom 8-10 kg sira dnevno. U sve tri varijante vraćanje uloženog novca može se očekivati za 3-5 godina što zavisi od toga da li proizvođač sira ima svoj zapat ili otkupljuje mleko. Objekti za izradu sira mogu da budu zanatske radionice (porodična varijanta), mini mlekare (kada se prerađivač ne bavi proizvodnjom mleka, već ga otkupljuje od kooperanata) i zadružna mlekara (zadrugari udružuju kapital sa osnovnim stadom i proizvedenim mlekom, sa objektima koji odgovaraju za tu namenu).

Oprema za mini mlekaru u zanatskoj radionici košta 3.000-5.000 evra. Oprema za zadružnu siraru košta 20.000-50.000 evra zavisno od kapaciteta i stepena automatizacije. Neophodno je da zadružna sirara ima: 1-2 laktofriza za prijem mleka, 1-2 duplikatora (sudovi za preradu mleka u sireve), jednu predpresu, kalupe i prese, posude za salamurenje i prostor za zrenje i negu sira (hladnjača). Srbija poseduje respektabilnu industriju koja proizvodi mlekarsku opremu. Povoljna je okolnost što u Srbiji postoji tržište kvalitetne polovne opreme, gde se mogu postići znatno niže cene.


Naš narod deli sireve na bele (kriška i slični sirevi) i žute (kačkavalj i slični sirevi). Za krišku-sir je potrebno 6-8 litara, a za kačkavalj od 10-12 litara kravljeg ili kozijeg mleka, dok je učešće ovčijeg mleka do 30 odsto niže.

Profesor dr Ljubiša Topisirović naglašava da je većina sireva izrađena od nepasterizovanog mleka i da sastav populacije bakterija mlečne kiseline (BMK) u njima direktno zavisi od prisustva tih bakterija u sirovom mleku i okolini u kojoj se sir proizvodi. Shodno tome, ovi autohtoni sirevi sadrže specifične BMK koje postoje u ekološkim lokalitetima gde se oni proizvode. BMK daju osnovu za konstrukciju starter kultura za dobijanje autohtonih sireva visoke vrednosti sa deklaracijom određenog geografskog porekla.

Do sada je urađena analiza BMK sireva proizvedenih u domaćinstvima na tradicionalan način na lokacijama: Regionu Karpatske Srbije, Valjevskih planina, Starog vlaha, Kopaonika, Stare planine i Regionu Vlasinske visoravni. Takvim pristupom se obezbeđuje da proizvedeni sir ima svoj „pasoš“, odosno specifičnu prepoznatljivost. Takav sir bi nosio ime regiona u kome je proizveden. U Srbiji sledeći sirevi imaju oznaku geografskog porekla: Krivovorski kačkavalj, Homoljski ovčiji sir, Homoljski kozji sir, Homoljski kravlji sir, Svrljiški kačkavalj, Staroplaninski kačkavalj, Sjenički ovčiji sir, Pirotski kačkavalj od kravljeg mleka, Somborski sir, Zlatarski sir, Sjenički kravlji sir, Svrljiški kravlji sir.


Akademik Škorić se zalaže za osnivanje Instituta za sireve i podseća da Srbija ima naučne i stručne kadrove sa licencama inženjerske komore Srbije, koji su sposobni da projektuju zadružne mlekare, uvode nove tehnologije i marketinški obrade tržište. I da građani Srbije imaju mogućnost da svakog dana konzumiraju drugu vrsta sira.

Nacionalni tim za preporod sela Srbije poziva povratnike i sve druge zainteresovane građane da ulažu u sirarstvo, osnuju poljoprivredno gazdinstvo i udruže se u specijalizovane sirarske zadruge koje će moći da konkurišu za podsticajna sredstva u okviru programa obnove zadrugarstva „500 zadruga u 500 sela“.

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Sir sa “pasošem” – unosna proizvodnja

01/06/2020
Autor:
Info Press
Izvor: Info Press
Foto: Info Press

Kopredsednici Nacionalnog tima za preporod sela Srbije ministar Milan Krkobabić i akademik Dragan Škorić odgovarajući na pitanja povratnika zainteresovanih za ulaganje u proizvodnju sireva, a posle konsultacija sa profesorom dr Ljubišom Topisirovićem, biohemičarem molekularne biologije i članom Nacionalnog tima za preporod sela Srbije i profesorom dr Mihailom Ostojićem, tehnologom za sireve i članom Razvojne akademije poljoprivrede Srbije, poručuju da je ulaganje u proizvodnju sireva veoma isplativo. Sirarstvo je zanat i umetnost proizvodnje u kojoj je zarada najmanje dva-tri puta veća od prodaje sirovog mleka.

Da je tako potvrđuje činjenica da poslednjih desetak godina u Evropi postoji trend otvaranja malih zadružnih sirara koje prerađuju 500–5.000 litara mleka na dan sa svojih i farmi drugih proizvođača mleka. U Srbiji ne postoji nijedna specijalizovana sirara u kojoj se isključivo proizvode sirevi. Broj mini mlekara kapaciteta do 5.000 litara mleka na dan, kojih je u našoj zemlji do pre nekoliko godina bilo više od 200, smanjen je na manje od 100 aktivnih, jer su smanjeni broj muznih grla i proizvodnja mleka, a povećan broj staračkih domaćinstava.


Prema podacima Instituta za ekonomiku poljoprivrede, u Srbiji je u 2019. godini ukupan broj muzenih grla iznosio: 427.000 krava, 106.000 ovaca i 99.000 koza. Pomuzeno je 1,509 milijardi litara kravljeg mleka, 11 miliona litara ovčijeg i 31 milion kozjeg mleka. Otkupljeno je 5.089 kg tvrdih sireva, kačkavalja, trapista i sl i mekih sireva – beli sir u kriškama 44.845 kg. Na zelenim pijacama prodato je 39.160 kg maslaca (butera), 2.138.221 kg kajmaka (skorupa), 11.781.831 kg svih vrsta sireva i 1.280.540 kg ostalih mlečnih proizvoda.


U 2019. godini ukupno je uvezeno mleka i pavlake, mleka u prahu, kiselo-mlečnih proizvoda, surutke, maslaca i mlečnih namaza, sira i urde 84.966.735 kg u vrednosti 95.446.756 evra. Uvezeno je 7.769.571 kg sira i urde za šta je plaćeno 29.975.224 evra. Istovremeno iz Srbije je ukupno izvezeno 99.873.256 kg mleka i mlečnih proizvoda u vrednosti 84.102.579 evra. Izvoz sira i urde dostigao je 15.789.200 kg u iznosu 47.587.384 evra.

Ministar Milan Krkobabić posebno naglašava da je proizvodnja sireva velika razvojna šanasa ali samo ako se proizvođači udruže u zadruge.


„Podatak da u ne baš povoljnom ukupnom spoljnotrgovinskom bilansu mleka i mlečnih proizvoda, izvozimo više sira i urde za čak 17,6 miliona evra nego što uvozimo, govori da Srbija ima velike potencijale u toj privrednoj grani. Imamo sjajne naučne radnike, prednosti specifičnog domaćeg podneblja, vredne domaćine, a nemamo nijednu registrovanu siraru – specijalizovanu proizvodnju za pravljenje sireva i to sa zaštićenim geografskim poreklom. Tradicionalno mlekarstvo ćemo očuvati kroz manufakturnu proizvodnju autohtonih proizvoda, čime ćemo stvoriti šansu za izvoz karakterističnih vrsti sireva sa našeg podneblja. Tu misiju u okviru svoje sirare i svog poljoprivrednog gazdinstva mogu da realizuju proizvođači specijalnih sireva samo ako se udruže u specijalizovane zadruge za proizvodnju sireva.“

Profesor dr Mihailo Ostojić ističe da su naše bake znale da naprave sir, koji je završavao u porodičnoj ishrani ili na zelenim pijacama. Na žalost to nije pokretač biznisa jer nema specifičnosti proizvodnje, karakteristike podneblja i različitosti od standardnih industrijski proizvedenih sireva.


Profesor Ostojić ističe da se zadružna mlekara može organizovati prema vrsti tretiranog mleka, mestu primarne proizvodnje i asortimanu gotovih proizvoda. Za održivu proizvodnju poljoprivrednog gazdinstva potrebno je preraditi najmanje 1.000 litara kravljeg mleka dnevno (proizvodnja oko 50 muznih krava) od čega se dnevno dobije oko 140 kg sira u kriški ili oko 100 kg polutvrdog sira (kačkavalja) ili godišnje 36,5 tona sira.

U proizvodnji ovčijeg sira neophodan minimum je 500 grla muznih ovaca sa maksimalnom proizvodnjom oko 250 litara mleka i 40 kg sira dnevno. Za održivu proizvodnju kozjeg sira potrebno je stado od 200 koza sa prozvodnjom 80 litara mleka i proizvodnjom 8-10 kg sira dnevno. U sve tri varijante vraćanje uloženog novca može se očekivati za 3-5 godina što zavisi od toga da li proizvođač sira ima svoj zapat ili otkupljuje mleko. Objekti za izradu sira mogu da budu zanatske radionice (porodična varijanta), mini mlekare (kada se prerađivač ne bavi proizvodnjom mleka, već ga otkupljuje od kooperanata) i zadružna mlekara (zadrugari udružuju kapital sa osnovnim stadom i proizvedenim mlekom, sa objektima koji odgovaraju za tu namenu).

Oprema za mini mlekaru u zanatskoj radionici košta 3.000-5.000 evra. Oprema za zadružnu siraru košta 20.000-50.000 evra zavisno od kapaciteta i stepena automatizacije. Neophodno je da zadružna sirara ima: 1-2 laktofriza za prijem mleka, 1-2 duplikatora (sudovi za preradu mleka u sireve), jednu predpresu, kalupe i prese, posude za salamurenje i prostor za zrenje i negu sira (hladnjača). Srbija poseduje respektabilnu industriju koja proizvodi mlekarsku opremu. Povoljna je okolnost što u Srbiji postoji tržište kvalitetne polovne opreme, gde se mogu postići znatno niže cene.


Naš narod deli sireve na bele (kriška i slični sirevi) i žute (kačkavalj i slični sirevi). Za krišku-sir je potrebno 6-8 litara, a za kačkavalj od 10-12 litara kravljeg ili kozijeg mleka, dok je učešće ovčijeg mleka do 30 odsto niže.

Profesor dr Ljubiša Topisirović naglašava da je većina sireva izrađena od nepasterizovanog mleka i da sastav populacije bakterija mlečne kiseline (BMK) u njima direktno zavisi od prisustva tih bakterija u sirovom mleku i okolini u kojoj se sir proizvodi. Shodno tome, ovi autohtoni sirevi sadrže specifične BMK koje postoje u ekološkim lokalitetima gde se oni proizvode. BMK daju osnovu za konstrukciju starter kultura za dobijanje autohtonih sireva visoke vrednosti sa deklaracijom određenog geografskog porekla.

Do sada je urađena analiza BMK sireva proizvedenih u domaćinstvima na tradicionalan način na lokacijama: Regionu Karpatske Srbije, Valjevskih planina, Starog vlaha, Kopaonika, Stare planine i Regionu Vlasinske visoravni. Takvim pristupom se obezbeđuje da proizvedeni sir ima svoj „pasoš“, odosno specifičnu prepoznatljivost. Takav sir bi nosio ime regiona u kome je proizveden. U Srbiji sledeći sirevi imaju oznaku geografskog porekla: Krivovorski kačkavalj, Homoljski ovčiji sir, Homoljski kozji sir, Homoljski kravlji sir, Svrljiški kačkavalj, Staroplaninski kačkavalj, Sjenički ovčiji sir, Pirotski kačkavalj od kravljeg mleka, Somborski sir, Zlatarski sir, Sjenički kravlji sir, Svrljiški kravlji sir.


Akademik Škorić se zalaže za osnivanje Instituta za sireve i podseća da Srbija ima naučne i stručne kadrove sa licencama inženjerske komore Srbije, koji su sposobni da projektuju zadružne mlekare, uvode nove tehnologije i marketinški obrade tržište. I da građani Srbije imaju mogućnost da svakog dana konzumiraju drugu vrsta sira.

Nacionalni tim za preporod sela Srbije poziva povratnike i sve druge zainteresovane građane da ulažu u sirarstvo, osnuju poljoprivredno gazdinstvo i udruže se u specijalizovane sirarske zadruge koje će moći da konkurišu za podsticajna sredstva u okviru programa obnove zadrugarstva „500 zadruga u 500 sela“.

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